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Juvenile is a person who is person who is minor that is who has not attained the age of majority which is 18 yrs as per Indian Minority act 1999.Juvenile laws are applicable to people who cannot be held responsible for the offences they made. In most of the countries the age of juvenile is up to 18yrs.

The main aim of the act is not to punish the juvenile but to rehabilitate. The law treats that a juvenile is a person incapable of committing a crime and he lack the very essence of Mens Ria i.e. the guilty mind.

Now let us understand the stages of framing a juvenile justice act. It was first in 1968 the congress passed the Juvenile delinquency Prevention and control act 1968 then in 1972 amendments were made to prevent children from going in delinquency and in order to overcome various flaws in these acts Juvenile justice (care and protection of children) act 2000 was passed and Acc to Sec 2(k) defines a juvenile to mean a person who has not completed 18yrs of age. And sec 2(l) says that a juvenile means a “child in conflict with law “ means to say a juvenile alleged of an offence but has not completed 18yrs of age on the date of offence so he cannot be punished as any other normal person so juvenile is termed as a child in conflict with law.

Doctrine of Parens Patraie authorizes state to protect children. This doctrine says that it is the duty of the government to look after all the people in the state especially those who are disable, especially children whose care is entrusted to the parents.

A juvenile is not tried for the offences in normal courts and nor they are kept in normal jails as they may get influenced by normal criminal so juvenile justice act has set up a board which consist of Metropolitan or judicial Magistrate, 2 social workers where one should be a women to try these cases and observation homes and special homes in every district or for group of districts have been set up to keep the juveniles. According to the act how much ever the punishment may be for the offence done a juvenile should not be kept in special homes for not more than 3yrs.

              When a police comes into contact with a Juvenile he should take them to special police units and bail can be granted so long as there is no danger or influence of criminals. Even after a juvenile is discharge the government takes up actions such as Follow up actions after discharge, keeps records of them, studies etc.

             These juveniles are not to be exposed to media, magazines etc.In the recent rape case in Delhi one of the accused was a juvenile so he was not given any grave punishment, keeping this in mind legislators thought to reduce the age of juvenile from 18yrs to 16yrs but this was opposed.

Further the rate of juvenile crimes in urban areas 1 much higher than in the rural areas which is revealed in noting that a large section of

the juvenile crimes occurs in the States of Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh,

Gujarat, Assam where 32.5per cent, 16.6per cent, 12.9w r cent and 7.3

per cent respectively.

According to Dr. Rajesh Parikh, a psychiatrist at Jaslok Hospital

and at the Student Counselling Centre at St. Xavier’s Coilege Bombay,

economic security does not necessarily guarantee emotional security and

parents often end up ,meeting a child’s wants but not needs and that the

parents may be present in the home but not available to tile children. On

the other hand, in a broken home, a woman as a single parent may be as

effective as both parents. What matters is how much the parent cares. The

same may be true of the working mothers as against non-working

mothers.

Ms. Shehaz Elavia, Director of above referred Xavier Centre

says, ‘Sometimes parents may be available to the children- but only to

impart knowledge rather than give the child of themselves, their values

and their beliefs’. While Dr. Sailesh Kapadia, a psycho analyst,

emphasises the importance of the relationship between the parents.

Where a good relationship exists between the parents, the child can ride

out the stress of adolescence. There is nothing like the emotional security

of a stable home. Another criminologist MS Pawar, lecturer in the

criminology department of Tata lnstitute of Social Studies said, ‘If the

family as controlling factor is lacking, children are more likely to violate

society’s norms’.

    According to Mrs Sanober Shekhar, reader in the department of

criminology and correctional administration, Tata Institute of Social

Studies at Bombay, adults are just not fulfilling the mediatory role between

childhood and adulthood that they are supposed to pay. ‘Schools have

become so commercialised that the perspective has changed from

personality development to academic performance Those who do not

perform or cheat become social rejects. Parents on their part, are too

busy in making money or socialising. The children find their own

emotional comforts among gangs of delinquent’, says Dr. Pritam

Phatnani, a forensic expert at Bombay.

As per above stated facts and the opinions of the experts it is society which is craving for this sort of a situation which has to be corrected.

By-Taruni Banda

In India, Women are treated as Goddess. Indian culture and custom enlightens the importance of
women and every religion of India teaches us to respect them. Women are proving themselves in each and
every field but still in case of their protection, we are lagging behind. Many laws has been enacted to
protect their rights and for their welfare. Even after commencement of many acts and rules, they are
vulnerable in the society. They are not given the same importance and secured life as compared to men.

Indian government has enforced several laws for the secure life of women and is trying to armor more
from the year 1956 to the present day. And the laws are as follows:

1) Immoral Traffic (Prevention) Act, 1956.
2) Dowry Prohibition Act, 1961.
3) Indecent Representation of Women (Prohibition) Act, 1986.
4) Commission of Sati (Prevention) Act, 1987.
5) National Commission for Women Act, 1990.
6) Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, 2005.
7) Protection of Women against Sexual Harassment Bill, 2007.

As these laws and acts are not stringent, the crime rate on women has been rising gradually. The
proportion of crime committed against women has increased continuously during last seven years from
8.2 percent in 2006 to 12.5 percent in 2013. Women are being harassed under the name of:

1) Dowry
2) Sexual Harassment
3) Cyber Harassment
4) Domestic Violence and many more

Due to the problem of Dowry, they are being tortured mentally and physically. Girls are being
harassed sexually at their work places and at other places too. In cyber harassment, they are being
mentally tortured by fake, vulgar images and videos. In domestic violence, the wives suffer because of
husband’s cruelty.

Without proper support and care from the society and law, women are choosing to commit
suicide than facing them or they choose to suffer in silence than approaching courts.

India is a country where the people give much importance to culture – customs – traditions and
thereby giving high respect to women as their sisters and mothers. But I wonder, still why they are being
harassed so brutally? Some people reply: – “It’s because of Introduction of western culture.” Some refer
this world to be a male dominating one (in case of domestic violence). And others answer it as: “People’s
behavior and cruel-vulgar mentality.”

Today, Punishments imposed on the offenders are not so effective. It must be more stringent to
ensure the better life of women. For a rape attempt or a rape, the offender should be hanged; this will
create fear in the minds of people and they will not try to go against the law. Seven years of imprisonment
which may extend to life imprisonment must be imposed strictly for Dowry and sexual harassment cases.

Harassment of women has occurred throughout history and will likely to keep occurring. As
society is developed and become more sophisticated, the hope is that harassment will slowly decline in
occurrence. Until then women can protect themselves from harassment by learning about different types,
acquiring self defense training and staying up to date on the laws concerning the harassment of women.

By-Samskruthi Mitra

Registration of Marriages which have already been solemnised.

Q. Where do I have to go and during which hours?

To the office of Sub-Divisional Magistrate in whose jurisdiction any of the husband or wife resides, during 9.30 a.m. to 1.00 p.m. on any working day to obtain the contact address of the SDM in whose jurisdiction in your colony lies.

Q. Which papers/documents/fees, do I take with me?

1. Application form duly signed by both husband and wife.
2. Documentary evidence of date of birth of parties (Matriculation Certificate / Passport / Birth Certificate) Minimum age of both parties is 21 years at the time of registration under the Special Marriage Act.
3. Ration card of husband or wife whose area SDM has been approached for the certificate.
4. In case of Special Marriage Act, documentary evidence regarding stay in Delhi of the parties for more than 30 days (ration card or report from the concerned SHO).
5. Affidavit by both the parties stating place and date of marriage, date of birth, marital status at the time of marriage and nationality.
6. Two passport size photographs of both the parties and one marriage photograph.
7. Marriage invitation card, if available.
8. If marriage was solemnized in a religious place, a certificate from the priest is required who solemnized the marriage.
9. Rs. 100/- in case of Hindu Marriage Act and Rs.150/- in case of Special Marriage Act to be deposited with the cashier of District and the receipt should be attached with the application form.

1. Affirmation that the parties are not related to each other within the prohibited degree of relationship as per Hindu Marriage Act or Special Marriage Act as the case may be. For details of such relationships  Attested copy of divorce decree/order in case of a divorcee and death certificate of spouse in case of widow/widower.
2. In case one of the parties belong to other than Hindu, Budhist, Jain and Sikh religions, a conversion certificate from the priest who solemnized the marriage(in case of Hindu Marriage Act).

All documents excluding receipt should be attested by a Gazetted Officer.

Solemnisation of Marriage under Special Marriage Act

Special Marriage Act, 1954 provides for solemnisation of marriages in accordance with the provisions of the Act. SDMs/ADMs/Deputy Commissioners have been authorised as Marriage Officers for this purpose.

Q. Where do I have to go and during which hours?

To the office of Sub-Divisional Magistrate in whose jurisdiction any of the husband or wife resides, during 9.30 a.m. to 1.00 Noon on any working day. Click Here to obtain the contact address of the SDM in whose jurisdiction in your colony lies.

Q. Which papers/documents/fees, do I take with me?

1. Application form duly filled and signed by the bride and the groom.
2. Fee of Rs.15/- is to be deposited with cashier of District and the receipt should be attached with the form.
3. Documentary evidence of date of birth of both parties (Matriculation Certificate/Passport/Birth Certificate).
4. Documentary evidence regarding stay in Delhi of one of the parties for more than 30 days (ration card or report from the concerned SHO).
5. Separate affidavits from bride and groom giving:
   1. Date of birth.
   2. Present marital status: unmarried/widower/ divorcee.
   3. Affirmation that the parties are not related to each other within the degree of prohibited relationship defined in the Special Marriage Act.
6. Passport size photographs of both parties (2 copies each) duly attested by a Gazetted Officer.
7. Copy of divorce decree/order in case of a divorcee and death certificate of spouse in case of widow/widower.

Q. What will be the criteria used while deciding my case?

For solemnization of marriage, presence of both parties is required after submission of documents of issuance of notice of intended marriage. A copy of the notice is pasted on the office notice board by the SDM. Any person may within 30 days of issue of notice , file objection to the intended marriages. In such a case, the SDM shall not solemnise the marriage until he has decided the objection, within 30 days of its receipt. If the SDM refuses to solemnise the marriage, any of the parties may file an appeal within 30 days to the District Court. In case no objection is received, the SDM solemnises the marriage after 30 days of the notice. Both parties alongwith 3 witnesses are required to be present on the date of solemnisation of marriage. It is advisable to submit names of witnesses atleast one day in advance.

The tax rates of the financial year 2014-15:-

All the Rows are called as slabs that is slab one, two, three etc.

i. Income-tax: Tax slab for individuals

Surcharge: 10% of the Income Tax, where total taxable income is more than Rs. 1 crore.

Education Cess: 3% of the total of Income Tax and Surcharge.

II.Tax slabs for individuals who are resident in India above 60yrs but below 80yrs:- (Senior Citizens)

Surcharge: 10% of the Income Tax, where total taxable income is more than Rs. 1 crore.

Education Cess: 3% of the total of Income Tax and Surcharge.

The above table consists of tax slabs for persons who are above 60yrs who are termed as Senior Citizens. I would like to explain the calculation of tax here.

In the first slab a relaxation up to Rs.2, 50,000 is given to Senior Citizens so no tax I levied up to Rs.2, 50,000 for them.

Coming to the second slab where the total income exceeds Rs.2,50,000 but does not exceed Rs,500,000 then the tax is 10% of the amount by which the total income exceeds Rs.2,50,000 but does not exceed Rs.5,00,000 i.e. if suppose the income is Rs.2,60,000 then the tax is Rs.2,60,000 * 10% which is Rs. 26,000.

Coming to the next  third slab where the total income exceeds Rs.5,00,000 but does not exceed Rs10,00,000 then the tax calculated is as follows i.e. if suppose the income is Rs.5,50,000 then the tax calculated is Rs.25,000 which is taken from the previous slab and then 20% of the amount which is exceeded by Rs.5,00,000, here the amount  which is exceeded by 5,00,000 is Rs.50,000 so the tax is Rs.25,000+50,000*20%=Rs.35,000.

Coming to the fourth slab where the total income exceeds Rs.10,00,000 the tax is calculated as follows Rs.1,25,000à(5,00,000-10,00,000=5,00,000*20%=100,000 taken from 3^rd slab+25000 taken from 2^nd  slab)  plus 30% of the amount which  exceeds Rs10,00,000 i.e. if the income is Rs10,50,000 then the tax to be paid is 1,25,000+50,000*30%= 140,000.

III.Tax slab for individual residents who are above 80yrs: – (Super Senior Citizens)

Surcharge: 10% of the Income Tax, where total taxable income is more than Rs. 1 crore.

Education Cess: 3% of the total of Income Tax and Surcharge.

The Method of Calculation of tax Shown for the Senior Citizens is also to be applied in all the rest cases above.

iv. Co-Operative Societies:

Surcharge: 10% of the Income Tax, where total taxable income is more than Rs. 1 crore.

iii. Education Cess: 3% of the total of Income Tax and Surcharge.

V. Firm

i. Income-tax: 30% of total income.

ii. Surcharge: 10% of the Income Tax, where total taxable income is more than Rs. 1 crore.

iii. Education Cess: 3% of the total of Income Tax and Surcharge.

VI. Local Authority

i. Income-tax: 30% of total income.

ii. Surcharge: 10% of the Income Tax, where total taxable income is more than Rs. 1 crore.

iii. Education Cess: 3% of the total of Income Tax and Surcharge.

VI. Domestic Company

i. Income-tax: 30% of total income.

ii. Surcharge: The amount of income tax as computed in accordance with above rates, and after being reduced by the amount of tax rebate shall be increased by a surcharge

• At the rate of 5% of such income tax, provided that the total income exceeds Rs. 1 crore.
• At the rate of 10% of such income tax, provided that the total income exceeds Rs. 10 crores.

iii. Education Cess: 3% of the total of Income Tax and Surcharge.

VII. Company other than a Domestic Company

i. Income-tax:

• @ 50% of on so much of the total income as consist of (a) royalties received from Government or an Indian concern in pursuance of an agreement made by it with the Government
  or the Indian concern after the 31st day of March, 1961 but before the 1st day of April, 1976; or (b) fees for rendering technical services received from Government or an Indian concern in pursuance of an agreement made by it with the Government or the Indian concern after the 29th day of February, 1964 but before the 1st day of April, 1976, and where such agreement has, in either case, been approved by the Central Government.
• @ 40% of the balance

ii. Surcharge: The amount of income tax as computed in accordance with above rates, and after being reduced by the amount of tax rebate shall be increased by a surcharge as under

• At the rate of 2% of such income tax, provided that the total income exceeds Rs. 1 crore.
• At the rate of 5% of such income tax, provided that the total income exceeds Rs. 10 crores.

iii. Education Cess: 3% of the total of Income Tax and Surcharge.

Credits for the tax tables:-Finotax

-By Taruni Banda